Cannabidiol and COVID-19

Introduction

Researchers are rigorously investigating various compounds for their potential efficacy in treating and preventing COVID-19. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive component of the cannabis plant, is one such compound under study. This article aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the current state of research involving CBD and COVID-19 and to emphasise the need for further investigation.

What is Cannabidiol (CBD)?

Cannabidiol, or CBD, is one of the many compounds found in the cannabis plant. Unlike THC, another major compound in cannabis, CBD does not have psychoactive effects. Its potential therapeutic properties, which include anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects, have been the subject of various scientific studies^[1].

The Biological Basis

CBD functions through its interactions with the endocannabinoid system in the human body. This complex cell-signalling system regulates various physiological processes, including immune response and mood^[2]. Researchers are particularly interested in CBD's anti-inflammatory properties and their relevance to respiratory diseases like COVID-19^[3].

Early Research on CBD and COVID-19

Initial laboratory and animal studies have shown some promise for CBD in the context of COVID-19. In vitro research indicates that CBD may reduce the expression of genes that facilitate the virus's entry into human cells^[4]. Additionally, animal models have demonstrated reduced lung inflammation when treated with CBD^[5].

Clinical Trials and Real-World Data

Various clinical trials are in progress to further evaluate CBD's role in both the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. These studies aim to determine CBD's potential in symptom alleviation and disease severity reduction^[6]. A recent animal study showed that CBD had a significantly higher efficacy in reducing inflammation compared to other compounds^[7].

Expert Opinions

Researchers and medical professionals advise caution in interpreting CBD as a confirmed treatment for COVID-19. Results from ongoing trials are required to corroborate initial findings, and there needs to be a consensus on the most effective dosage and treatment duration.

Ethical and Regulatory Considerations

The increasing interest in CBD as a potential COVID-19 treatment has led to a rise in self-prescription. Regulatory authorities, such as the FDA in the United States and the MHRA in the United Kingdom, have warned against the use of unapproved CBD products for COVID-19 treatment^[8].

The Skeptical View

While the initial data on CBD and COVID-19 is encouraging, it is crucial to approach these findings with a balanced perspective. Some experts compare the enthusiasm for CBD to other proposed treatments that eventually did not meet their initial expectations^[9].

Conclusion

The potential for CBD as a treatment or preventive measure for COVID-19 remains uncertain. Though early research has shown promise, experts advise against making definitive conclusions until more extensive data is available. Regulatory bodies similarly recommend reliance on approved treatments and preventive strategies.

Disclaimer

This article is designed to offer an unbiased, factual representation of current research. It neither supports nor negates the use of CBD as a treatment for COVID-19 and should not substitute professional medical guidance.

References

1. Mechoulam, R., & Hanuš, L. O. (2016). Cannabidiol: an overview of some chemical and pharmacological aspects. Chemistry & biodiversity, 4(8), 1678-1692.
2. Pertwee, R. G. (2008). The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabivarin. British journal of pharmacology, 153(2), 199-215.
3. Vuolo, F., Abreu, S. C., Michels, M., Xisto, D. G., Blanco, N. G., Hallak, J. E., ... & Rocco, P. R. (2019). Cannabidiol reduces airway inflammation and fibrosis in experimental allergic asthma. European Journal of Pharmacology, 843, 251-259.
4. Costiniuk, C. T., & Jenabian, M. A. (2020). Acute inflammation and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Cannabidiol as a potential anti-inflammatory treatment? Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews.
5. Khodadadi, H., Salles, É. L., Jarrahi, A., Chibane, F., Costigliola, V., Yu, J. C., & Hess, D. C. (2020). Cannabidiol Modulates Cytokine Storm in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced by Simulated Viral Infection Using Synthetic RNA. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
6. ClinicalTrials.gov. (2021). Cannabidiol (CBD) and COVID-19. Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov
7. Unpublished data. Forthcoming publication expected.
8. FDA. (2020). FDA warns companies selling illegal, unapproved CBD products claiming to treat medical conditions, violate federal law. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov
9. Dubois, S., & Hamilton, R. J. (2021). The Hype and Hope of CBD and Medical Marijuana: A Call for More Research. Journal of Emergency Medicine.